On January 31, 1990, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated a final rule entitled Occupational Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories (commonly known as "The Laboratory Standard" - see Appendix A). The basis for this standard is a determination that laboratories differ from industrial operations in their use and handling of hazardous chemicals and that a different approach than that found in OSHA's substance specific health standards is warranted to protect workers. This standard does not establish new exposure limits, but sets other performance provisions designed to protect laboratory workers from potential hazards in their work environment.

1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this model Chemical Hygiene Plan is to define work practices and procedures to help ensure that Laboratory Workers at IUPUI are protected from health and safety hazards associated with the hazardous chemicals with which they work.

1.3 Applicability

The Laboratory Standard applies to all employees engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals. Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals is defined as the use or handling of chemicals in which all of the following conditions are met:

• Chemical manipulations are carried out on a "laboratory scale". Laboratory scale is defined as work with substances in which the containers used for reactions, transfers, and other handling of substances are designed to be easily and safely manipulated by one person. This definition excludes those workplaces whose function is to produce commercial quantities of materials.


• Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used.


• The procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor in any way simulate a production process.

This standard does not apply to:

• Uses of hazardous chemicals which do not meet the definition of laboratory use, and in such cases, the employer shall comply with the relevant standard in 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z, even if such use occurs in a laboratory.


• Laboratory uses of hazardous chemicals which provide no potential for employee exposure.

Where the standard does apply, it shall supersede, for laboratories, the requirements of all other OSHA health standards in 20 CFR part 1910, subpart Z, except as follows:

• For any OSHA health standard, only the requirement to limit employee exposure to the specific permissible exposure limit shall apply for laboratories, unless that particular standard states otherwise or unless the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL) is routinely exceeded. - See Appendix B.


• Prohibition of eye and skin contact where specified by any OSHA health standard shall be observed.


• Where the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL) is routinely exceeded for an OSHA regulated substance with exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements, the employee exposure monitoring and medical monitoring requirements of this standard shall apply.

Any substance specific standard can require coverage to remain under that standard rather than under the laboratory standard. In the absence of a statement of preemption in a substance specific standard, the determination of whether the laboratory standard applies must be dependent on both “laboratory use” and “laboratory scale” criteria. Where these criteria are met, the laboratory standard applies.

1.4 Chemical Hygiene Plan Coverage

The Chemical Hygiene Plan is the written program that contains policies and procedures for the safe use of hazardous chemicals. Major components of the plan include:

• Employee information and training


• Hazard identification


• Personal exposure monitoring


• Medical surveillance


• Standard operating procedures


• Personal protective equipment


• Containment and engineering controls

1.5 Definitions

ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

Action level A concentration designated in [the OSHA (29 CFR) Laboratory Standard for a specific substance, calculated as an eight-hour time-weighted average, which initiates certain required activities such as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.

ANSI American National Standards Institute.

Chemical Hygiene Officer An employee who is designated by the employer, and who is qualified by training or experience, to provide technical guidance in the development and implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.

Chemical Hygiene Plan A written program developed and implemented by the employer which (1) sets forth procedures, equipment, personal protective equipment, and work practices that are capable of protecting employees from the health hazards presented by hazardous chemicals used in that particular workplace, and (2) meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1450(e).

CHO The Chemical Hygiene Officer, a member of the IUPUI Department of Environmental Health and Safety.

CHP Chemical Hygiene Plan.

Designated area An area which may be used for work with select carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. A designated area may be the entire laboratory, an area of a laboratory or a device such as a laboratory hood.

EHS The IUPUI Department of Environmental Health and Safety

EPA Environmental Protection Agency.

Hazardous chemical A chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. The term "health hazard" includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic systems, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. (See also definitions of specific and physical hazards.)

Laboratory OSHA defines a laboratory as “a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-productive basis”.

Lab Workers The Laboratory Workers referred to in the Lab Standard are employees. OSHA defines an employee as "an individual employed in a laboratory workplace who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in the course of his or her assignments." An example of a Laboratory Worker would be a University teaching assistant, research assistant or faculty member instructing an academic lab. OSHA would not consider students in an academic laboratory employees. However, as a matter of university policy, the principles outlined in this Chemical Hygiene Plan will apply to students in
laboratories. Also included, will be visiting professors and volunteers that might be working in the lab. Thus, Laboratory Supervisors must ensure that these groups that are in their laboratories are adequately instructed in safe laboratory procedures.

OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Oxidizer A chemical, other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in [OSHA Regulations (Standards-29 CFR) - 1910.109a], that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases.

NFPA National Fire Protection Association.

PEL Permissible exposure limit. PELs are regulatory limits on the amount or concentration of a substance in the air. They may also contain a skin designation.

Physical hazard A combustible liquid, compressed gas, oxidizer, or organic peroxide; or a material with explosive, flammable, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive), or water-reactive properties.

PPE Personal protective equipment.

PI The Principal Investigator (or the Laboratory or Instructional Supervisor).

Reproductive toxin A chemical which affects the reproductive capabilities, or damages the chromosomes (mutation) or fetus (teratogenesis).

Safety Coordinator A safety coordinator (SC) will be designated for each school, department, or other subdivision by the dean, chairman, or director to serve as liaison to EHS.

Select carcinogen Any substance which meets one of the following criteria: (1) it is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen; or (2) it is listed under the category "known to be carcinogens" in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (latest edition); or (3) it is listed under Group 1 ("carcinogenic to humans") by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs (IARC) (latest editions); or (4) it is listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under the category "reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens" by NTP, and causes statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental animals in accordance with any of the following criteria: (a) after inhalation exposure of 6-7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a significant portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 10 mg/m3; (b) after repeated skin application of less than 300 (mg/kg of body weight) per week; or (c) after oral dosages of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight per day.

TLV Threshold limit value.

• Air sampling for evaluating employee exposure to chemical substances shall be conducted periodically or as indicated by specific codes or regulations.
• Upon addition of new chemicals or changes in control procedures, additional air sampling will be considered to determine the exposures.
• Air sampling will be conducted if there is reason to believe that exposure levels for regulated substances exceed the action level, or in the absence of an action level, the PEL.
• The results of air sampling studies performed in the laboratory are maintained by EHS.

4.2 Housekeeping

Each laboratory worker is directly responsible for the cleanliness of his or her work space, and jointly responsible for common areas of the laboratory. Laboratory management shall insist on the maintenance of housekeeping standards. The following procedures apply to housekeeping standards of the laboratory:

• The lab benches shall be kept clear of equipment and chemicals except those necessary for the work currently being performed.
• The work area shall be cleaned at the end of each operation or each day.
• All apparatus shall be thoroughly cleaned and returned to storage upon completion of usage.
• All floors, aisles, exits, fire extinguishing equipment, eye washes, electrical disconnects and other emergency equipment shall remain unobstructed.
• All labels shall face front.
• Chemical containers shall be clean, properly labeled and returned to storage upon completion of usage.
• All chemical wastes will be disposed of promptly in accordance with the waste disposal plan (see Section XIX of the Reference Manual).

4.3 Safety and Emergency Equipment

• Telephone numbers of emergency personnel, supervisors and other workers as deemed appropriate shall be posted and provided to EHS.
• All laboratory personnel will be aware of the location and proper use of fire safety and emergency equipment.
• Prior to the procurement of new chemicals, the Chemical Hygiene Officer or the laboratory supervisor shall verify that safety and emergency equipment are appropriate for such chemicals.
• Eye washes shall be inspected and flushed for 5 minutes weekly by laboratory employees. Showers shall be inspected by EHS at least annually. Records shall be maintained for eye wash and shower inspections.
• Location signs for safety and emergency equipment shall be posted.

The engineering controls installed in the laboratory are intended to minimize employee exposure to chemical and physical hazards in the workplace. These controls must be maintained in proper working order for this goal to be realized.

5.2 Modification

No modification of engineering controls will occur unless testing indicates that worker protection will continue to be adequate.

5.3 Improper Function

Improper function of engineering controls must be reported to the Chemical Hygiene Officer and to Campus Facility Services Trouble Line (278-1900) immediately. The system shall be taken out of service until proper repairs have been executed.

5.4 Usage

5.4.1 Laboratory Fume Hoods

The laboratory fume hoods shall be utilized for all chemical procedures which might result in release of hazardous chemical vapors or dust. As a general rule, the fume hood shall be used for all chemical procedures involving substances which are volatile and have a permissible exposure limit (PEL) less than 100 ppm or are flammable materials. The following work practices shall apply to the use of fume hoods:

• Confirm adequate hood ventilation performance prior to opening chemical containers inside the hood. An inward flow of air can be confirmed by holding a thin strip of tissue at the face of the hood and observing the movement of the paper.
• Keep the sash of the hood at or below the indicated maximum operating height except when adjustments within the hood are being made. At these times, maintain the sash height as low as possible.
• Storage of chemicals and equipment inside the hood shall be kept to a minimum.
• Minimize interference with the inward flow of air into the hood.
• Locate apparatus toward the rear of the hood and keep all work at least 6 inches inside the hood to prevent vapors from escaping.
• Do not place items against the back wall which will obstruct the baffles and impede the airflow.
• Leave the hood operating when it is not in active use if hazardous chemicals are contained inside the hood or if it is uncertain whether adequate general laboratory ventilation will be maintained when the hood is non-operational.
• The hood shall not be used as a means of disposal for volatile chemicals.
• The ventilation system shall be inspected annually by EHS. The hood face velocity shall be at least 80 feet per minute. A record of each inspection shall be maintained by the Chemical Hygiene Officer.

5.4.2 Glove Boxes and Isolation Rooms

The exhaust air from a glove box or isolation room will pass through HEPA filters or other treatment before release into the regular exhaust system.

5.4.3 Flammable Storage Cabinets

Cabinets designed for the safe storage of flammable chemicals can only do so if used and maintained properly. Cabinets are generally made of double-walled construction and are made of 18 gage steel. The doors are two inches above the base and the cabinet is liquid proof to that point. Two vents are provided on opposite sides of the cabinet and are equipped with flame-arrestor screens. Always read the manufacturer's information and follow prudent safety practices such as:

• Store only compatible materials inside the cabinet.
• Store chemicals of similar vapor density together when using mechanical ventilation (e.g., heavier than air vapors are vented through the bottom vent and lighter than air vapors through the top vent).
• Do not store paper or cardboard inside cabinets with the chemicals.
• Do not overload the cabinet.
• Do not store corrosives inside the cabinet.

All IUPUI employees working in a laboratory environment must attend the mandatory Laboratory Safety Training class. This class is offered monthly, and can also be offered at other dates by contacting the Environmental Health and Safety Department. This training fulfills the OSHA Laboratory Standard requirements.

6.2 Training Timing and Frequency

Information and training shall be provided to laboratory employees on the following basis:

• New employees shall complete the full training program.
• Current employees who have changed positions or are assigned to begin working in a laboratory must complete the full training program.
• All employees shall be informed of updated information via Lab Notes.

6.3 Training Components

This training shall include methods of detecting the presence of hazardous chemicals, physical and health hazards of chemicals in the lab, and measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards. The training shall present the details of the Chemical Hygiene Plan, and shall include:

• The contents of the OSHA laboratory standard, and its appendices.
• The location and availability of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.
• The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area.
• Signs and symptoms associated with exposure to the chemicals present in the laboratory.
• Location, availability, and how to use reference material on chemical hygiene including Material Safety Data Sheets.
• The criteria for selection and use of personal protective equipment and the limits of its protection.
• Emergency procedures and the location of emergency equipment.

6.4 Training Documentation

There may be times when employees or supervisors suspect that an employee has been overexposed to a hazardous chemical that might have caused harm to the victim. If the circumstances suggest a reasonable suspicion of exposure, the victim is encouraged to undergo a medical consultation at Student Employee Health Service. This consultation and any related medical examination shall be provided at no cost with no loss of workday time attributed to the victim.

8.1.1 Criteria of Reasonable Suspicion of Exposure

The Department of Environmental Health and Safety investigates all employee-related incidents where there is or may be overexposure to a toxic substance. The following are examples of some events or circumstances that might reasonably constitute overexposure:

• Victim had direct skin or eye contact with a chemical substance.
• Odor was noticed, especially if person was working with any chemical which has a lower PEL than odor threshold.
• A hazardous chemical leaked, spilled, or was otherwise rapidly released in an uncontrolled manner.
• Manifestation of health hazard symptoms such as headache, rash, nausea, coughing, tearing, irritation or redness or eyes, irritation of nose or throat, dizziness, loss of motor dexterity or judgment, etc.
• Some or all symptoms disappear when person is taken away from chemical area and into fresh air.
• Symptoms reappear soon after person starts working with the same chemicals again.
• Complaints are received from more than one person in the same work area.

8.2 Exposure Evaluations

Once a complaint of possible hazardous chemical exposure has been received, a standard series of steps are taken to elucidate the situation. Unless circumstances suggest other or additional steps, the following actions taken by the CHO will constitute an exposure assessment:

• Interview the person initiating the complaint, and the victim if it is not the same person.
• List essential information about the circumstances of the complaint, including:
  • The chemical under suspicion.
  • All chemicals being used by others in the immediate area.
  • Other chemicals stored in that area.
  • Symptoms exhibited or claimed by victim.
  • Were control measures, such as fume hoods and personal protective equipment, used and used properly?
  • Were any air sampling or monitoring devices in place or available? If so, are the measurements obtained from these devices consistent with other information?
• Perform air sampling in the area for suspect chemicals.
• Determine whether the victim's symptoms compare to the symptoms described in the MSDS or other pertinent scientific literature.
• Review the adequacy of present control measures and safety procedures.
• Notify employee of the results of air sampling within 15 working days of receipt of the results.

The details of medical consultations and examinations are determined by the physician. The purpose of a medical consultation is to determine whether a medical examination is warranted. When it is suspected or known that an employee was overexposed to a hazardous chemical or chemicals, the employee should obtain medical consultation from or under the direct supervision of a licensed physician at Student Employee Health Service (SEHS).

When warranted, employees also may also be referred by SEHS to receive a medical examination from or under the direct supervision of a licensed physician who is experienced in treating victims of chemical overexposure. The medical professional should also be knowledgeable about which tests or procedures are appropriate to determine if there has been an overexposure; these diagnostic techniques are called "differential diagnoses". Referral for medical examinations will be made by SEHS.

The following provisions apply to medical consultations and examinations:

• All employees who work with hazardous chemicals must be provided an opportunity to receive medical consultations and examination when:
  • The employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a hazardous chemical to which the employee may have been exposed in the laboratory.
  • Monitoring, routine or otherwise, suggests that there could have been an exposure above the action level (or PEL if there is no action level) for a chemical for which a substance-specific standard has been established.
  • There is a spill, leak, or other uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical.
• Provide the physician with:
  • The identity of the hazardous chemical or chemicals to which the employee may have been exposed.
  • The exposure conditions.
  • The signs and symptoms of exposure the victim is experiencing, if any.
• Physicians will furnish to the Chemical Hygiene Office in written form:
  • Identification of diagnosis related to chemical exposure.
  • Recommendations for follow-up, if determined to be pertinent.
  • Conclusions concerning any other medical condition noted that could put the employee at increased risk.
  • A statement that the employee has been informed both of the results of the consultation or examination and of any medical condition that may require further examination or treatment.
• These written statements and records should not reveal specific findings that are not related to an occupational exposure.

9.2 Documentation and Notification

EHS will maintain records of all laboratory worker air monitoring, exposure evaluations, and medical consultations and examinations. Employees shall be notified of the results of any medical consultation or examination with regard to any medical condition that exists or might exist as a result of overexposure to a hazardous chemical.

10.1 Departmental Recordkeeping

• Chemical Inventory.
• Material Safety Data Sheets.

• Area and personal air monitoring results.
• Exposure assessments.
• Laboratory safety inspections.
• Material Safety Data Sheets - Master List.
• Health and safety complaints.
• Laboratory Safety Training attendance records.

10.3 Student Employee Health Services Record Keeping

• Medical consultations and examinations.
• Illness/injury information resulting from an exposure or accident on the job tha caused lost work time - Information received by SEHS and stored by the Risk Management Department of Indiana University - Bloomington.

I. Purpose

The Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Department has developed this policy to protect employees at Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI) who have an occupational exposure to anesthetic gases. Inhaled anesthetics include two classes of chemicals: nitrous oxide and halogenated agents. Halogenated anesthetic gases include halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane (used infrequently).

The policy set forth is intended to ensure compliance with federal, state, and local requirements. Presently, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has not adapted a regulation regarding waste anesthetic gases (WAG's). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) both have recommended exposure limits for WAG's

II. Scope
This policy applies to all employees who work with or supervise work involving anesthetic gases at the IUPUI campus. Anesthetic gases are used in laboratories throughout campus during animal surgical procedures and in the dental school during surgical procedures.

III. Responsibilities

EHS is responsible for:
1. The development, implementation, and oversight of the program.
2. Area and personal air monitoring to determine exposure.
3. Ensuring compliance with all federal, state, and local regulations.
The Departments are responsible for:
1. Ensuring that all personnel have been trained prior to anesthetic gas use.
2. Following all safety guidelines for anesthetic gas use.
3. Anesthetic gas equipment maintenance.
4. Reporting any liquid agent spills or releases to EHS.
5. Compliance with IUPUI's Hazard Communication Program.
6. Reporting results of all monitoring to employees.
7. Ensuring completion of an incident report for any health or safety related incidents and forwarding the report to Occupational Health Services and EHS.

Employees are responsible for:
1. Completing the anesthetic gas training course.
2. Following all safety guidelines when working with anesthetic gases.
3. Inspecting all equipment prior to and after each use.
4. Ensuring the scavenge system is used with all anesthetic gas machines.
5. Reporting any problems with equipment to department management.
6. Reporting any liquid agent spills or releases to department management and EHS.
7. Following IUPUI's Hazard Communication Program.
8. Reporting any health or safety concerns to department management and completing an incident report.

IV. Regulatory Limits

Presently, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has not created or adapted a regulation regarding WAG's. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) both have recommended exposure limits for WAG's. The following table summarizes the recommended exposure limits.

Table 1
Anesthetic Gas OSHA PEL (ppm) 1 NIOSH REL (ppm)2 ACGIH
TLV-TWA (ppm)3
Nitrous Oxide (N20) None 254 50
Isoflurane None Ceiling 5 None
Halothane None Ceiling 5 50
Desflurane None Ceiling 5 None
Sevoflurane None Ceiling 5 None
Enflurane None Ceiling 5 75

V. Exposure Monitoring

EHS can perform air monitoring to determine the anesthetic gas concentrations in the air. The two types of monitoring performed are personal and area. Personal monitoring is conducted at the employee's breathing zone to determine WAG exposure for the employee. The monitoring is performed using a passive dosimeter which collects gas on a media and is then analyzed by a laboratory. Area monitoring is conducted in the work area to give WAG concentrations in work areas. A portable infrared spectrophotometer, or direct read instrument, is used to collect real time samples. EHS can also perform leak testing on the equipment to determine if gas is escaping from various locations in the machine. A portable infrared spectrophotometer is used to detect leakage.

VI. Training

All employees who work with or supervise work with anesthetic gases shall complete on-line training via EHS's website prior to using any anesthetic gas.

The training shall consist of the following: regulatory limits, health effects of nitrous oxide and halogenated agents, sources of exposure, scavenge systems, anesthetic gas equipment inspections, engineering controls, work practices, administrative controls, liquid agent spills, air monitoring, medical surveillance, and hazard communication. The training shall be conducted upon initial assignment and whenever there is a change in process or procedure.

VII. Information

For additional information regarding IUPUI's anesthetic gas policy, please refer to EHS's Anesthetic Gas Training Program at www.ehs.iupui.edu or contact EHS at 274-2005.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS
CHEMICALS IN LABORATORIES

THE OSHA LABORATORY STANDARD
(29 CFR 1910.1450)
OSHA LABORATORY STANDARD:

1910.1450(a)
Scope and application.
1910.1450(a)(1)
This section shall apply to all employers engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals as defined below.
1910.1450(a)(2)
Where this section applies, it shall supersede, for laboratories, the requirements of all other OSHA health standards in 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z, except as follows:
1910.1450(a)(2)(i)
For any OSHA health standard, only the requirement to limit employee exposure to the specific permissible exposure limit shall apply for laboratories, unless that particular standard states otherwise or unless the conditions of paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section apply.
1910.1450(a)(2)(ii)
Prohibition of eye and skin contact where specified by any OSHA health standard shall be observed.
1910.1450(a)(2)(iii)
Where the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the permissible exposure limit) is routinely exceeded for an OSHA regulated substance with exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements paragraphs (d) and (g)(1)(ii) of this section shall apply.
1910.1450(a)(3)
This section shall not apply to:
..1910.1450(a)(3)(i)

1910.1450(a)(3)(i)
Uses of hazardous chemicals which do not meet the definition of laboratory use, and in such cases, the employer shall comply with the relevant standard in 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z, even if such use occurs in a laboratory.
1910.1450(a)(3)(ii)
Laboratory uses of hazardous chemicals which provide no potential for employee exposure. Examples of such conditions might include:
1910.1450(a)(3)(ii)(A)
Procedures using chemically-impregnated test media such as Dip-and-Read tests where a reagent strip is dipped into the specimen to be tested and the results are interpreted by comparing the color reaction to a color chart supplied by the manufacturer of the test strip; and
1910.1450(a)(3)(ii)(B)
Commercially prepared kits such as those used in performing pregnancy tests in which all of the reagents needed to conduct the test are contained in the kit.
1910.1450(b)
Definitions --

Action level means a concentration designated in 29 CFR part 1910 for a specific substance, calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average, which initiates certain required activities such as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.

Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, or designee.

Carcinogen (see select carcinogen).

Chemical Hygiene Officer means an employee who is designated by the employer, and who is qualified by training or experience, to provide technical guidance in the development and implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. This definition is not intended to place limitations on the position description or job classification that the designated individual shall hold within the employer's organizational structure.

Chemical Hygiene Plan means a written program developed and implemented by the employer which sets forth procedures, equipment, personal protective equipment and work practices that (i) are capable of protecting employees from the health hazards presented by hazardous chemicals used in that particular workplace and (ii) meets the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section.

Combustible liquid means any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C), but below 200 deg. F (93.3 deg. C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200 deg. F (93.3 deg. C), or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.

Compressed gas means:

(i) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70 deg. F (21.1 deg. C); or

(ii) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130 deg. F (54.4 deg C) regardless of the pressure at 70 deg. F (21.1 deg. C); or

(iii) A liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100 deg. F (37.8 C) as determined by ASTM D-323-72.

Designated area means an area which may be used for work with "select carcinogens," reproductive toxins or substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. A designated area may be the entire laboratory, an area of a laboratory or a device such as a laboratory hood.

Emergency means any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers or failure of control equipment which results in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace.

Employee means an individual employed in a laboratory workplace who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in the course of his or her assignments.

Explosive means a chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature.

Flammable means a chemical that falls into one of the following categories:

(i) Aerosol, flammable means an aerosol that, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.45, yields a flame protection exceeding 18 inches at full valve opening, or a flashback (a flame extending back to the valve) at any degree of valve opening;

(ii) Gas, flammable means:

(A) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13 percent by volume or less; or

(B) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 12 percent by volume, regardless of the lower limit.

(iii) Liquid, flammable means any liquid having a flashpoint below 100 deg F (37.8 deg. C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100 deg. C) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.

(iv) Solid, flammable means a solid, other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in § 1910.109(a), that is liable to cause fire through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard. A chemical shall be considered to be a flammable solid if, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a self-sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth of an inch per second along its major axis.

Flashpoint means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite when tested as follows:

(i) Tagliabue Closed Tester (See American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, Z11.24 - 1979 (ASTM D 56-79)) - for liquids with a viscosity of less than 45 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C), that do not contain suspended solids and do not have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or

(ii) Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (See American National Standard Method of Test for Flashpoint by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, Z11.7 - 1979 (ASTM D 93-79)) - for liquids with a viscosity equal to or greater than 45 SUS at 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C ), or that contain suspended solids, or that have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or

(iii) Setaflash Closed Tester (see American National Standard Method of test for Flash Point by Setaflash Closed Tester (ASTM D 3278-78)).

Organic peroxides, which undergo autoaccelerating thermal decomposition, are excluded from any of the flashpoint determination methods specified above.

Hazardous chemical means a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. The term "health hazard" includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic systems, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.

Appendices A and B of the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) provide further guidance in defining the scope of health hazards and determining whether or not a chemical is to be considered hazardous for purposes of this standard.

Laboratory means a facility where the "laboratory use of hazardous chemicals" occurs. It is a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-production basis.

Laboratory scale means work with substances in which the containers used for reactions, transfers, and other handling of substances are designed to be easily and safety manipulated by one person. "Laboratory scale" excludes those workplaces whose function is to produce commercial quantities of materials.

Laboratory-type hood means a device located in a laboratory, enclosure on five sides with a movable sash or fixed partial enclosed on the remaining side; constructed and maintained to draw air from the laboratory and to prevent or minimize the escape of air contaminants into the laboratory; and allows chemical manipulations to be conducted in the enclosure without insertion of any portion of the employee's body other than hands and arms.

Walk-in hoods with adjustable sashes meet the above definition provided that the sashes are adjusted during use so that the airflow and the exhaust of air contaminants are not compromised and employees do not work inside the enclosure during the release of airborne hazardous chemicals.

Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals means handling or use of such chemicals in which all of the following conditions are met:

(i) Chemical manipulations are carried out on a "laboratory scale;"

(ii) Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used;

(iii) The procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor in any way simulate a production process; and

(iv) "Protective laboratory practices and equipment" are available and in common use to minimize the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.

Medical consultation means a consultation which takes place between an employee and a licensed physician for the purpose of determining what medical examinations or procedures, if any, are appropriate in cases where a significant exposure to a hazardous chemical may have taken place.

Organic peroxide means an organic compound that contains the bivalent -O-O- structure and which may be considered to be a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic radical.

Oxidizer means a chemical other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in § 1910.109(a), that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases.

Physical hazard means a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence tat it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive.

Protective laboratory practices and equipment means those laboratory procedures, practices and equipment accepted by laboratory health and safety experts as effective, or that the employer can show to be effective, in minimizing the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.

Reproductive toxins means chemicals which affect the reproductive chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis).

Select carcinogen means any substance which meets one of the following criteria:

(i) It is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen; or

(ii) It is listed under the category, "known to be carcinogens," in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP)(latest edition); or

(iii) It is listed under Group 1 ("carcinogenic to humans") by the International Agency for research on Cancer Monographs (IARC)(latest editions); or

(iv) It is listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under the category, "reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens" by NTP, and causes statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental animals in accordance with any of the following criteria:

(A) After inhalation exposure of 6-7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a significant portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 10 mg/m(3);

(B) After repeated skin application of less than 300 (mg/kg of body weight) per week; or

(C) After oral dosages of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight per day.

Unstable (reactive) means a chemical which is the pure state, or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or will become self-reactive under conditions of shocks, pressure or temperature.

Water-reactive means a chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard.
1910.1450(c)
Permissible exposure limits. For laboratory uses of OSHA regulated substances, the employer shall assure that laboratory employees' exposures to such substances do not exceed the permissible exposure limits specified in 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z.
..1910.1450(d)

1910.1450(d)
Employee exposure determination --
1910.1450(d)(1)
Initial monitoring. The employer shall measure the employee's exposure to any substance regulated by a standard which requires monitoring if there is reason to believe that exposure levels for that substance routinely exceed the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL).
1910.1450(d)(2)
Periodic monitoring. If the initial monitoring prescribed by paragraph (d)(1) of this section discloses employee exposure over the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL), the employer shall immediately comply with the exposure monitoring provisions of the relevant standard.
1910.1450(d)(3)
Termination of monitoring. Monitoring may be terminated in accordance with the relevant standard.
1910.1450(d)(4)
Employee notification of monitoring results. The employer shall, within 15 working days after the receipt of any monitoring results, notify the employee of these results in writing either individually or by posting results in an appropriate location that is accessible to employees.
1910.1450(e)
Chemical hygiene plan -- General. (Appendix A of this section is non-mandatory but provides guidance to assist employers in the development of the Chemical Hygiene Plan).
1910.1450(e)(1)
Where hazardous chemicals as defined by this standard are used in the workplace, the employer shall develop and carry out the provisions of a written Chemical Hygiene Plan which is:
1910.1450(e)(1)(i)
Capable of protecting employees from health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals in that laboratory and
1910.1450(e)(1)(ii)
Capable of keeping exposures below the limits specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
1910.1450(e)(2)
The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall be readily available to employees, employee representatives and, upon request, to the Assistant Secretary.
1910.1450(e)(3)
The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall include each of the following elements and shall indicate specific measures that the employer will take to ensure laboratory employee protection;
1910.1450(e)(3)(i)
Standard operating procedures relevant to safety and health considerations to be followed when laboratory work involves the use of hazardous chemicals;
1910.1450(e)(3)(ii)
Criteria that the employer will use to determine and implement control measures to reduce employee exposure to hazardous chemicals including engineering controls, the use of personal protective equipment and hygiene practices; particular attention shall be given to the selection of control measures for chemicals that are known to be extremely hazardous;
1910.1450(e)(3)(iii)
A requirement that fume hoods and other protective equipment are functioning properly and specific measures that shall be taken to ensure proper and adequate performance of such equipment;
..1910.1450(e)(3)(iv)

1910.1450(e)(3)(iv)
Provisions for employee information and training as prescribed in paragraph (f) of this section;
1910.1450(e)(3)(v)
The circumstances under which a particular laboratory operation, procedure or activity shall require prior approval from the employer or the employer's designee before implementation;
1910.1450(e)(3)(vi)
Provisions for medical consultation and medical examinations in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section;
1910.1450(e)(3)(vii)
Designation of personnel responsible for implementation of the Chemical Hygiene Plan including the assignment of a Chemical Hygiene Officer, and, if appropriate, establishment of a Chemical Hygiene Committee; and
1910.1450(e)(3)(viii)
Provisions for additional employee protection for work with particularly hazardous substances. These include "select carcinogens," reproductive toxins and substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. Specific consideration shall be given to the following provisions which shall be included where appropriate:
1910.1450(e)(3)(viii)(A)
Establishment of a designated area;
1910.1450(e)(3)(viii)(B)
Use of containment devices such as fume hoods or glove boxes;
1910.1450(e)(3)(viii)(C)
Procedures for safe removal of contaminated waste; and
1910.1450(e)(3)(viii)(D)
Decontamination procedures.
1910.1450(e)(4)
The employer shall review and evaluate the effectiveness of the Chemical Hygiene Plan at least annually and update it as necessary.
1910.1450(f)
Employee information and training.
1910.1450(f)(1)
The employer shall provide employees with information and training to ensure that they are apprised of the hazards of chemicals present in their work area.
1910.1450(f)(2)
Such information shall be provided at the time of an employee's initial assignment to a work area where hazardous chemicals are present and prior to assignments involving new exposure situations. The frequency of refresher information and training shall be determined by the employer.
1910.1450(f)(3)
Information. Employees shall be informed of:
1910.1450(f)(3)(i)
The contents of this standard and its appendices which shall be made available to employees;
1910.1450(f)(3)(ii)
the location and availability of the employer's Chemical Hygiene Plan;
..1910.1450(f)(3)(iii)

1910.1450(f)(3)(iii)
The permissible exposure limits for OSHA regulated substances or recommended exposure limits for other hazardous chemicals where there is no applicable OSHA standard;
1910.1450(f)(3)(iv)
Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous chemicals used in the laboratory; and
1910.1450(f)(3)(v)
The location and availability of known reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory including, but not limited to, Material Safety Data Sheets received from the chemical supplier.
1910.1450(f)(4)
Training.
1910.1450(f)(4)(i)
Employee training shall include:
1910.1450(f)(4)(i)(A)
Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.);
1910.1450(f)(4)(i)(B)
The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area; and
1910.1450(f)(4)(i)(C)
The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used.
1910.1450(f)(4)(ii)
The employee shall be trained on the applicable details of the employer's written Chemical Hygiene Plan.
1910.1450(g)
Medical consultation and medical examinations.
1910.1450(g)(1)
The employer shall provide all employees who work with hazardous chemicals an opportunity to receive medical attention, including any follow-up examinations which the examining physician determines to be necessary, under the following circumstances:
1910.1450(g)(1)(i)
Whenever an employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a hazardous chemical to which the employee may have been exposed in the laboratory, the employee shall be provided an opportunity to receive an appropriate medical examination.
1910.1450(g)(1)(ii)
Where exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level routinely above the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL) for an OSHA regulated substance for which there are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements, medical surveillance shall be established for the affected employee as prescribed by the particular standard.
1910.1450(g)(1)(iii)
Whenever an event takes place in the work area such as a spill, leak, explosion or other occurrence resulting in the likelihood of a hazardous exposure, the affected employee shall be provided an opportunity for a medical consultation. Such consultation shall be for the purpose of determining the need for a medical examination.
..1910.1450(g)(2)

1910.1450(g)(2)
All medical examinations and consultations shall be performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed physician and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay and at a reasonable time and place.
1910.1450(g)(3)
Information provided to the physician. The employer shall provide the following information to the physician:
1910.1450(g)(3)(i)
The identity of the hazardous chemical(s) to which the employee may have been exposed;
1910.1450(g)(3)(ii)
A description of the conditions under which the exposure occurred including quantitative exposure data, if available; and
1910.1450(g)(3)(iii)
A description of the signs and symptoms of exposure that the employee is experiencing, if any.
1910.1450(g)(4)
Physician's written opinion.
1910.1450(g)(4)(i)
For examination or consultation required under this standard, the employer shall obtain a written opinion from the examining physician which shall include the following:
1910.1450(g)(4)(i)(A)
Any recommendation for further medical follow-up;
1910.1450(g)(4)(i)(B)
The results of the medical examination and any associated tests;
1910.1450(g)(4)(i)(C)
Any medical condition which may be revealed in the course of the examination which may place the employee at increased risk as a result of exposure to a hazardous workplace; and
1910.1450(g)(4)(i)(D)
A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the consultation or medical examination and any medical condition that may require further examination or treatment.
1910.1450(g)(4)(ii)
The written opinion shall not reveal specific findings of diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.
1910.1450(h)
Hazard identification.
1910.1450(h)(1)
With respect to labels and material safety data sheets:
1910.1450(h)(1)(i)
Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced.
1910.1450(h)(1)(ii)
Employers shall maintain any material safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous chemicals, and ensure that they are readily accessible to laboratory employees.
1910.1450(h)(2)
The following provisions shall apply to chemical substances developed in the laboratory:
..1910.1450(h)(2)(i)

1910.1450(h)(2)(i)
If the composition of the chemical substance which is produced exclusively for the laboratory's use is known, the employer shall determine if it is a hazardous chemical as defined in paragraph (b) of this section. If the chemical is determined to be hazardous, the employer shall provide appropriate training as required under paragraph (f) of this section.
1910.1450(h)(2)(ii)
If the chemical produced is a byproduct whose composition is not known, the employer shall assume that the substance is hazardous and shall implement paragraph (e) of this section.
1910.1450(h)(2)(iii)
If the chemical substance is produced for another user outside of the laboratory, the employer shall comply with the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) including the requirements for preparation of material safety data sheets and labeling.
1910.1450(i)
Use of respirators. Where the use of respirators is necessary to maintain exposure below permissible exposure limits, the employer shall provide, at no cost to the employee, the proper respiratory equipment. Respirators shall be selected and used in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134.
1910.1450(j)
Recordkeeping.
1910.1450(j)(1)
The employer shall establish and maintain for each employee an accurate record of any measurements taken to monitor employee exposures and any medical consultation and examinations including tests or written opinions required by this standard.
1910.1450(j)(2)
The employer shall assure that such records are kept, transferred, and made available in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1020.
1910.1450(k)
Dates --
1910.1450(k)(1)
Effective date. This section shall become effective May 1, 1990.
1910.1450(k)(2)
Start-up dates.
1910.1450(k)(2)(i)
Employers shall have developed and implemented a written Chemical Hygiene Plan no later than January 31, 1991.
1910.1450(k)(2)(ii)
Paragraph (a)(2) of this section shall not take effect until the employer has developed and implemented a written Chemical Hygiene Plan.
1910.1450(l)
Appendices. The information contained in the appendices is not intended, by itself, to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligation.

[55 FR 3327, Jan. 31, 1990; 55 FR 7967, March, 6, 1990; 55 FR 12777, March 30, 1990; 61 FR 5507, Feb. 13, 1996]

LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS

29 CFR 1910.1000(f)(4)
TABLES Z-1, Z-2, AND Z-3

B
Benz[a]anthracene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Benzene
Benzidine (See Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine)
Benzidine-based dyes
Benzo[b]fluoranthene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Benzo[j]fluoranthene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Benzo[k]fluoranthene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Benzofuran
Benzo[a]pyrene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl violet 4B
Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine)
Betel quid with tobacco
Betel quid without tobacco
Bitumens
Bleomycins
Bracken fern
2,2-bis-(Bromoethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Technical Grade)
Bromodichloromethane
1,3-Butadiene
1,4-Butanediol Dimethanesulfonate (Myleran®)
Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA)
beta-Butyrolactone

C
Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds
Caffeic acid
Captafol
Carbon black
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carrageenan
Catechol
Ceramic Fibers (Respirable Size)
Chlorambucil
Chloramphenicol
Chlordane
Chlordecone (Kepone)
Chlorendic Acid
Chlorinated Paraffins (C12, 60% Chlorine)
alpha-Chlorinated toluenes (benzal chloride, benzotrichloride, benzyl chloride) and benzoyl chloride (combined exposures)
para-Chloroaniline
3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU)
bis(Chloromethyl) Ether and Technical-Grade Chloromethyl Methyl Ether
bis(Chloroethyl) nitrosourea
Chloroform
1-Chloro-2-methylpropene
3-Chloro-2-methylpropene
4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine
4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine
Chlorophenoxy herbicides
4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine
Chloroprene
Chlorothalonil
p-Chloro-o-toluidine and p-Chloro-o-toluidine Hydrochloride
Chlorozotocin
Chromium Hexavalent Compounds
CI Acid Red 114
CI Basic Red 9 Monohydrochloride
CI Direct Blue 15
Citrus Red No. 2
Cisplatin
Cisplatin Clonorchis sinensis (infection with)
Coal Tar Pitches (See Coal Tars and Coal Tar Pitches)
Coal Tars (See Coal Tars and Coal Tar Pitches)
Cobalt and cobalt compounds
Cobalt Sulfate
Coffee
Coke Oven Emissions
Creosotes (from coal-tars)
p-Cresidine
Cupferron
Cycasin
Cyclophosphamide
Cyclosporin A

D
Dacarbazine
Danthron (1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone)
Daunomycin
N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine
2,4-Diaminoanisole Sulfate
4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether
2,4-Diaminotoluene
Diazoaminobenzene
Dibenz[a,h]acridine (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Dibenz[a,j]acridine (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (See Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons)
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene Dibromide)
2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol
tris(2,3-Dibromopropyl) Phosphate
Dichloroacetic acid
para-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3´-Dichlorobenzidine and 3,3´-Dichlorobenzidine Dihydrochloride
3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride)
Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride)
1,3-Dichloropropene (Technical Grade)
Dichlorvos
Diepoxybutane
1,2-Diethylhydrazine
Diesel Exhaust Particulates
Diethyl Sulfate
Diethylstilbestrol
Diglycidyl Resorcinol Ether
Dihydrosafrole
Diisopropyl sulfate
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole
2,6-Dimethylaniline (2,6-Xylidine)
3,3´-Dimethylbenzidine (See 3,3´-Dimethylbenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3´-Dimethylbenzidine)
Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride
3,3´-Dimethoxybenzidine (See 3,3´-Dimethoxybenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3´-Dimethoxybenzidine)
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
Dimethyl Sulfate
Dimethylvinyl Chloride
3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene
3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene
1,6-Dinitropyrene (See Nitroarenes (selected))
1,8-Dinitropyrene (See Nitroarenes (selected))
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
1,4-Dioxane
Disperse Blue 1
Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine (See Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine)
Dyes Metabolized to 3,3´-Dimethoxybenzidine (See 3,3´-Dimethoxybenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3´-Dimethoxybenzidine)
Dyes Metabolized to 3,3´-Dimethylbenzidine (See 3,3´-Dimethylbenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3´-Dimethylbenzidine)

E
Epichlorohydrin
Engine exhaust, gasoline
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (See Tobacco Related Exposures)
1,2-Epoxybutane
Epstein-Barr virus
Erionite
Estrogens, Steroidal
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene Oxide
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea
Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
Ethylene Thiourea
di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate

F
Foreign bodies, implanted in tissues (Vol. 74; 1999)
Polymeric, prepared as thin smooth films (with the exception of poly(glycolic acid))
Metallic, prepared as thin smooth films
Metallic cobalt, metallic nickel and an alloy powder containing 66-67% nickel, 13-16% chromium and 7% iron
Formaldehyde (Gas)
2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole
Fuel oils, residual (heavy)
Fumonisin B1
Furan